The history of Braille begins in early 19th-century France. During the 1810s, Charles Barbier, a captain in Napoleon’s army, developed a communication system that was subsequently called “night writing”. It used raised dots and dashes that soldiers could feel and interpret silently in the dark, helping them avoid detection by enemies. However, the system was quite complex and hard to use efficiently.
In 1821, a young blind student named Louis Braille, studying at the Royal Institute for Blind Youth in Paris, encountered Barbier’s invention. Recognising its potential, Louis set out to simplify it. By 1824, when he was just 15 years old, he had created the first version of what we now know as Braille. His system used six dots arranged in a 2 x 3 grid, with each combination representing a letter, number or symbol. It was compact and could be read quickly by touch, unlike Barbier’s bulkier patterns.
Despite its practicality, Braille’s system was not immediately accepted. Many educators at the time insisted that blind students should continue to read raised print letters, even though these were much harder and slower to decipher. It took several decades of persistence – especially by blind students and advocates — before Braille was formally adopted. By the late 19th century, it was widely used in France and gradually spread around the world.
Braille didn't stop evolving there. Louis Braille himself created a system for reading and writing music notation. Later, additional adaptations like the Nemeth Code for mathematics and science were developed in the mid-20th century. With the advent of computers, Braille displays and Braille printers (embossers) have helped integrate the tactile system into the digital world.
Today, Braille is an international language of literacy, with customised versions for different national alphabets (133 languages and counting) and technical fields. It remains a vital tool for independence, education, and communication among blind and visually impaired people – protected and promoted by accessibility laws across the globe.
Every year on 4 January, World Braille Day is observed internationally to commemorate the birth of Louis Braille and to recognise his efforts. Although the event is not considered a public holiday, it has been recognised by the United Nations as an official day of celebration since 2019.
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References
wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille
visionaustralia.org/services/children/lego-braille-bricks
Images
1. Credit: Matthieu Sicot - Scanning de la gravure originale par Kou07kou, CC BY-SA 4.0
2. Charles Barbier
3. Louis Braille
4. Hall Braille writer, model 1 (1892). Credit: Martin Howard
5. Braille closeup. Credit: Lrcg2012 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0
6. Braille dashboard in elevator. Credit: sensorytrust.org.uk
7. Giant metal braille dots: the word made flesh can bleed part of the "invisible city" sculpture by Anton Parsons. Credit: Moira Clunie via flickr
8. Braille wine label
9. LEGO® Braille Bricks. Credit: lego.com
10. Braille ring for Dasha. Gold balls along the rails form a word in braille. A present from a father, who is legally blind, to his daughter. Credit: Studio Lola
